Wednesday, March 25, 2015

IPC/IPQC - In Process Control-Its importance in Pharmaceutical Industry.

In a pharmaceutical Industry in process check is very important subject and this also a part of quality assurance department. So we may say QA department is the father of every manufacturing Company.... here i describe about IPC.........

In-Process Control refers to the checks performed during an activity (it can be manufacturing or packing) in order to monitor and if necessary to adjust the process and/or to ensure that the intermediate or finished product conforms to its specification. The control of equipment and environment may also be regarded as the part of in process control.

In process checks are vital as manufacturing activity itself and the same shall be performed at regular intervals. Frequency of the in process checks need to be realistic. By carrying out in process checks one can assure the product quality.

In process quality check is designed to provide early warning for quality or other problems arising during production. In Other words it is intended to provide a snap shot of the quality of the product manufactured at the factory. The objective of in process checks are both quality control and process control.

In process checks shall include following process controls:-
l    # Measured values obtained from process equipment. e.g. Inlet & outlet temperature of FBD
l    # Measured values obtained from persons e.g. Times
l    # Product attributes e.g.Weight,Hardness,friability
l    # Measured values obtained from the room environment e.g. Temperature, Humidity.

Note: Rejected in process materials should be identified and controlled under a quarantine system designed to prevent their use in manufacturing.

During process checks following things needs to be checked:-
l    # Verification of the status labels on the area, equipment's  & process containers.
l    # Online stage wise review of the batch record (Online review).
l    # Cleanliness of the area, equipment and line clearance.
l    # Confirming material correctness, AR.no, quantity & vendor against the batch record.
l    # Product attributes like weight variation, avg.wt, hardness, thickness, D.T, friability.
l       Monitoring environmental conditions.
l    # Weight of the blend & other intermediates.
l    # Checking the appearance tablet during compression & coating
l    # Solution preparation.
l    # Film formation and integrity.
l    # Ensure machine setting parameters match with batch records.
l    # Yield verification of various stages of production
l    # Sampling

In Process Checks During Manufacturing:-
l    # Ensure correct materials are brought in for manufacturing activity.
l    # Check sieve integrity.
l    # Ensure manufacturing is carried out as per the instruction given in the BMR.
l    # Ensure operators are wearing hand gloves and nose mask during all stages of manufacturing.
l    # Verify the records for online entries.
l    # Environmental Monitoring.
l    # Check & verify equipment parameters like temperature, drying time etc.
l    # Checking process parameters like Appearance,Avg.Weight,Group Weight,Hardness,friability,       DT etc.
l    # Yield verification.
l    # Checking the weights of in process materials.
l    # Checking labeling status of the quarantine materials.
l    # Ensure doors are closed during processing.

In Process Checks During packing:-
l    # Ensure Name, Strength, Volume & quantity is correct.
l    # Check the status labels on equipment, area & in process container.
l    # Over printing quality.
l    # Batch coding details on primary & secondary pack (B.No.,Mfg.,Exp., M.R.P.etc.).
l    # Text matter on the ptd. foil & carton.
l    # Verification forming & sealing temperature.
l    # Ensure blisters are free from knurling defects.
l    # Leak Test.
l    # Pharmacopeial status of the material used is correct.
l    # Mfg.License number is printed correctly.
l    # Preprinted packing materials provide mandatory information & legal status.
l    # Storage conditions details available in the packaging materials.
l    # Directions for use details available in the packaging materials.
l    # Ensure warnings against wrong administration is provided in the pack.
l    # Storage condition is same all printed packing Materials.
l    # Ensure correct leaflet is used for the product.
l    # Verify printed matter on the outer cartons and shippers.
l    # Ensure checkers are performing their activity in a proper way.
l    # Verify blisters & strips for alignment defects & empty pockets.
l    # Ensure doors are closed during processing.
l    # Verify the records for online entries.
l    # Environmental Monitoring.
l    # Sampling

Documentation:-
Results of the in process checks shall be documented with initials of the person carrying them out and results obtained. If problems or deviations from the manufacturing formula and processing instructions occurred, all relevant information associated to this have to be documented well.

Thank You 



Friday, March 20, 2015

Granulation and it's importance in tablet manufacturing process..



 GRANULATION & IT’S IMPORTANCE IN TABLET MANUFACTURING PROCESS


Granulation process is an inevitable step in tablet manufacturing as it improves flow property and compressibility of powder mass intended for compression. Granulation prevents segregation of the constituents of the powder mix.

Granulation is the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger, multi particle entities called granules. Pharmaceutical granules typically have a size range between 0.2 and 4.0 mm, depending on their subsequent use.


Granulation is so important in tablet manufacturing process because it:-

1. Improve fluidity

2. Decrease segregation of the powder components

3. Decrease dusting

4. Improve compressibility of the material

An ideal granulation will contain all the constituents of the mix in the correct proportion in each granule, and segregation of the ingredients will not occur.


Types of granulation

Basically two types of granulation technique, but also other technique is direct compression 

1.Dry granulation   2. Wet Granulation

N.B: Wet granulation mostly used in tableting process, but this also depend on that chemical nature which we used for tableting.....

Dry granulation

In dry granulation the primary powder particles are aggregated under high pressure. There are two main processes. Either a large tablet (known as a ‘slug’) is produced in a heavy-duty tableting press (a process known as ‘slugging’) or the powder is squeezed between two rollers to produce a sheet of material (‘roller compaction’).

In both cases these intermediate products are broken using a suitable milling technique to produce granular material, which is usually sieved to separate the desired size fraction. Dry granulation technique is applicable  for drugs which do not compress well after wet granulation, or those which are sensitive to moisture.

Wet granulation

Wet granulation involves the massing of a mix of dry primary powder particles using a granulating fluid. The fluid contains a solvent which must be volatile so that it can be removed by drying, and be non-toxic. Typical liquids include water, ethanol and isopropanol, either alone or in combination. The granulation liquid may be used alone or, more usually, as a solvent containing a dissolved adhesive (also referred to as a binder or binding agent) which is used to ensure particle adhesion once the granule is dry. Water is commonly used for economical and ecological reasons. Its disadvantages as a solvent are that it may adversely affect drug stability, causing hydrolysis of susceptible products, and it needs a longer drying time than do organic solvents. This increases the length of the process and again may affect stability because of the extended exposure to heat. The primary advantage of water is that it is non-flammable, which means that expensive safety precautions such as the use of flameproof equipment need not be taken. Organic solvents are used when water-sensitive drugs are processed, as an alternative to dry granulation, or when a rapid drying time is required. In the traditional wet granulation method the wet mass is forced through a sieve to produce wet granules which are then dried. A subsequent screening stage breaks agglomerates of granules and removes the fine material, which can than be recycled. Variations of this traditional method depend on the equipment used, but the general principle of initial particle aggregation using a liquid remains in all of  the processes.

Glossary of Terms

Compressibility – Compressibility is the ability of powder to decrease in volume under pressure.

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

Important abbreviations need to know every pharmacy students

ABBREVIATIONS FREQUENTLY USED IN PHARMACEUTICALS

N.B: Probably Most used terms may green color 
AHU: Air Handling Unit 
AQL: Acceptable Quality Level
API: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
GLP: Good Laboratories Practice
ICH: International Conference on Harmonization
ISO: International Standard Organization/ International Organization for Standardization
GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice
cGMP: Current Good Manufacturing Practice
TQM: Total Quality Management
WHO:  World Health Organization
WHA: World Health Assembly
BMR: Batch Manufacturing Records
BPR: Batch Packaging Records
FDA: Food and Drug Administration
FD & C: Food, Drug and Cosmetics
IPC: In-Process Control/ Check
CBA: Collective Bargaining Agent
MCA: Medicines Control Agency (Britain)
MCC: Medicine Control Council (Africa)
ICRS:  International Chemical Reference Substances 
IRO: Industrial Relations Ordinance
EEC:  European Commission;
ISO/TC: International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee
PDCA: Plan, Do, Check, Act
PIC: Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention
PIC/S: Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme
DQ: Design Qualification
IQ: Installation Qualification
OQ: Operational Qualification
PQ: Performance Qualification
ASL: Approved Suppliers’ List
VMP: Validation Master Plan
TRS: Technical Report Series
CRS: Chemical Reference Substances
HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air
SAL: Sterility Assurance Level
IU: International Unit
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
ANOVA: Analysis of Variance
HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air
HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
ICDRA: International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities
TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography
GC: Gas Chromatography
PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride
PVDC: Poly Vinyledene Chloride
ROPP: Rolled on Pilfer Proof
RCC: Reinforced concrete
FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy 
LAL: Limulus Amebocyte Lysate
RO: Reverse Osmosis
WFI: Water for Injection
FIFO: First-in-first-Out
FEFO: First Expired, First Out
EEFO: Earliest Expiry, First Out
HACCP: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
FIP: International Pharmaceutical Federation
INN: International Non-proprietary Names
IFPMA: International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations
IPEC: International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund
WTO: World Trade Organization
PDG: Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group
GTDP: Good trade and distribution practice
DAR: Drug Administration Registration           
DMF: Drug Master File                                    
DRA: Drug Regulatory Authority
EOI: Expression of Interest
ILO: International Labor Organization
NPS: Nonpareil seed
EDM: Essential Drugs and Medicines
BAN: British Approved Names
USAN: United States Accepted Names
GSP: Good storage practice
   MOA: Method of analysis
COA: Certificate of analysis
UNAIDS: United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund
ASEAN: Association of South Asian Nations
TPN: Total Parenteral Nutrition       
BFS: Blow, Fill, Seal Technique (Ampule Filling)
LDPE: Low Density Polyethylene
HDPE: High Density Polyethylene
PP: Polypropylene
HVAC: Heat, Ventilation and Air conditioning
PPIC: Production Planning & Inventory Control
PPI: Proton Pump Inhibitor            
o. d.: Once daily
b. i. d.: Twice daily
TOC: Total Organic Carbon
t. i. d.: Thrice daily
q. i. d.: Four times daily
PMN: Phenylmercuric Nitrate
PMA: Phenylmercuric Acetate
BAC:  Benzalkonium Chloride
PVDC: Polyvinylidene Chloride
NE: Not Established
PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
EEC: European Commission
USAID: U.S. Agency for International Development
ICDDRB: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
IBC: Intermediate Bulk Container
AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
ICP: Inductively Coupled Spectroscopy
IC: Ion Chromatography
TGA: Therapeutic Goods Agency (Australia)
MHRA: Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK)

Wednesday, March 11, 2015

Pharmaceutical Equipments

Here i describe mostly used Pharmaceutical Equipment such as Production equipment, Quality control equipment specially which is very important necessary equipment i just try to describe for the newly pharmacy student.......so try to read and try to understand any publishing article........

Why some medicine come in capsule form?

  Some medications come in capsule form, because the nature of the substance makes it difficult or impossible to manufacture in a tablet form. Creating a tablet requires finding a binding material that allows the medication to be formed into a solid shape but that does not affect its chemical composition nor its bio-availability. For example, the typical aspirin tablet is held together mostly by corn starch.

  Some medications come in capsule form, because many consumers have a distinct preference for capsules. Many consumers perceive capsules as easier to swallow. Some consumers perceive capsules as more effective.

   An interesting example of the preference for capsules is provided by a study ("Effect of Shape of Medication in Treatment of Anxiety States") published in 1972 in the British Journal of Psychiatry by psychiatrist M. Z. Hussain, who found that patients being treated for anxiety responded better to treatment with the same drug (chlordiazepoxide) in capsule form rather than tablet form. There is no known medical reason for this, but its psychological significance is compelling. Capsules have been the required form for most clinical trials of psychiatric medications since 1972.
  Also some reason in capsule form because:-
       1. The nature of chemical substance. 
       2. Rapid bio availability rather than tablet.
       3. Easy to swallow for older and child patient. 
       4. Easy to manufacture where tablet need to more step.


Difference between relative humidity and humidity.

This is very important thing for the pharmaceuticals also any other organization, so need to know difference between this..

       "Humidity" and "Relative Humidity" are not the same thing. Humidity means amount of water vapor present in air with respect to total amount of air.         Relative Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air 'relative' to the temperature (i.e. relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air can "hold" at that temperature. When the air can't "hold" all the moisture, then it condenses as dew).


          The relative humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air (at a specific temperature) compared to the maximum amount of water vapor air could hold at that temperature, and is given as a percentage value. Relative humidity depends on the temperature of the air.