Some common excipient, those are mostly used in pharmaceutical preparation.

Binders: To add cohesiveness to powder providing necessary bonding  to form granules

        Ex: CMC, Starch paste, Povidone, Avicel.

     N.B: Some binders soluble in non aq. system(like ethanol)for moisture sensitive drugs(ranitidine)

 Diluent: Increase physical size of the tablet in order to compressed the tablet.

              Ex: Starch, Lactose

Disintegrant: Agents added prior to granulation or during lubrication step or both process step

               Ex: Maize Starch, Lactose, Micro Crystalline Cellulose

Lubricants: Reduce the friction between the granules and die wall during compression and ejection

Ex: Water insoluble lubricant Mg,Na,Ca- stearate, Talk, Water soluble lubricant Na-acetate, Na-lauryl sulphate

     

   N.B: Mg-stearate boundary type lubricant form a coat around the individuals particles (Granules) which  remain  more or less intact during compression. Water insoluble lubricant More effective  as they used in low concentration, Water soluble lubricant must be used when the tablet must completely water soluble like effervescent tablet. Powder lubricant not used prior to wet granulation

Anti-adherent: Prevent sticking granules to the punch and to a laser extent to die wall

              Ex: Talk, Aerosil/Cabosil

Glidants: Improves flow characteristics  of the granules

              Ex: Talk , Starch, Aerosil

Colarant: To identify similar looking products within products line, Minimize possibility of mixture during manufacture.

           Ex: Dyes (water soluble), lakes (formed by adsorption of H2O soluble dyes on a hydrous oxide Al(OH)3 which result H2O insoluble dye)

             N.B: H2O soluble dyes are dissolve in the granulation system which                   assure uniform distribution

Adsorbent: Capable of holding up to 50% of its weight of water.

              Ex: Syloid, cab-o-sil/aerosol, Bentonite, Kaolin, Mg-silicate  

Choice of excepients: Depends on tablet type, desired characteristics, manufacturing process used and physical and chemical compatibility with API

Avicel: Micro-crystalline cellulose.

TYPE:

Grade	Size Micro meter	LOD
PH-101	50	4%
PH-102	90	4%
PH-105	20	3%
PH-200	180	4%
PH-302	90	4%

N.B: Generally PH-101 are mostly used in Wet Granulation, PH-102 are used in Direct Compression 

In expensive filler:

Ex: Encompress: Dibasic-Ca-phosphate, 

      Compactrol/Terra alba: Dihydrate Ca-sulphate

      Tritab: Tri-Ca-phosphate

Cellulose: Special grade of microcrystalline cellulose, have superior compressibility and high dilution potential for this properties good for formulation of small size tablets with high content of API.